Are your workers independent contractors or employees? This is a compelling question, especially where the Internal Revenue Service is concerned. Every worker claiming status as a non-employee means payroll taxes and social security contributions that won’t fall into the IRS’s pocket.

Now many states are taking a closer look at the question, too. They are increasingly on the lookout for new sources of state revenue, including workman’s compensation and unemployment insurance, both of which can be bypassed when a business uses independent workers.

What can a business owner/manager do to keep on the right side of both federal and state tax patrols? Here are a few precautionary steps to safeguard the status of workers as independent contractors.

• Encourage (or at least allow) the worker to provide his own assistants, including their hiring, supervision, and compensation.
• Allow workers to establish their own schedule of work days/hours.
• Be sure that workers provide their own equipment and most supplies.
• An alternative may be to use an employee of a temporary service. These services can provide personnel experienced in the job required and, since this worker is actually an employee of the temporary service, all federal and state taxes and fees are handled at that end as well. Although you may pay more for this type of worker, you will avoid concerns about meeting government regulations and restrictions that often come packaged with the independent status. When in doubt, always consult your legal and financial advisors.

Answering services, message machines, voice mail, “on hold” music, speaker phones . . . where would a business be without them? Perhaps–in some situations–a lot better off! In the small to midsized business, where every call should count, owners and managers need to ensure that the telephone is an efficient, effective sales tool instead of a handicap. It’s important to remember that the caller’s first impression of your company is from the voice answering the phone. That first minute or less will help form the caller’s lasting opinion of your business, so why not take the opportunity to make that opinion the best possible? Here are a few ideas for improving the way your business says hello.

Call Your Office

Give your office a call–just don’t let them know it’s you. Have someone whose voice your employees won’t recognize place the call, with you standing by waiting to listen. This may sound like cloak-and-dagger tactics, but it’s one that successful managers use to monitor the quality of their telephone service. What to listen for:

• A pleasant salutation (“Good morning, Jones and Jones”), followed by a name, if appropriate, and offer of assistance.
• An unhurried, interested response to queries, or the offer to connect the caller to someone else who can provide information.
• A reasonable on-hold time. And, if the time seems longer than normal, is there an apology for the delay?

Check Out Your Service

Conduct a “test” of your answering service similarly to the above; however, you’ll be listening here for that extra level of care an answering service should take in personalizing its service. Be sure the following standards are met:

• Answering service operator answers with the name of your company, not just a generic “May I help you.”
• Operator should know pertinent facts about your business: times of operation, key names of personnel, etc.
• Check message you give operator against the message that he or she transmits to your company.

If you aren’t satisfied, take the time to educate your answering service about your standards and expectations. If the service can’t–or won’t–comply with your request, engage another organization to do the job.

Tune Up Your Message

When was the last time you listened to your own company’s voice mail message? When you do, turn a careful ear to the following checkpoints:

• Are you satisfied with the voice that represents your company? It should be upbeat, but also well-modulated and pleasingly-pitched. Do a test of several voices and choose the one that sounds best “on tape.”
• If your voice mail system has background music, or if your company has a call sequencer with on-hold music, be sure the sound is welcoming and soothing.

Take High-Tech Down a Peg

Does your company have automated voice mail? Speaker phones? Conference-call capability? All well and good in this era when communication is king. Just keep in mind the advantages of the “live” human voice–when you make a call, business or personal, isn’t this what you prefer to hear? Although the person in your business who answers the phone may well be your lowest-paid employee, remember that this human voice is vital to the image of your company.

Buyers are expected to perform a thorough due diligence on both the business and the seller(s). However, many sellers don’t do an extensive due diligence on the buyer(s). Deals do not always close; many are aborted in the very early stages, and others tank somewhere along the way to what was hoped to be a successful closing. So, what happens that prevents a deal from closing, especially one that began with such positive signs? Obviously, in many cases, the buyer’s due diligence turns up some items that were not revealed by the seller, and others that can’t be resolved.  Some of these items probably had early-sign red flags; other red flags occurred somewhere along the way, and unfortunately, the result was that there were pre-closing red flags.

The Early-Sign Red Flags

Sellers should seriously look at who the buyer is. This may be a corporate buyer who is just looking. On the other hand, some sellers may overlook a strong individual buyer for fear that he or she may be inexperienced in the acquisition process or might be too cautious. In both cases, the seller may want to ask questions such as the following: What companies have you already looked at? How much equity are you willing to commit? What experience do you have in what my firm does?

Some sellers have that sixth sense that allows them to size up a prospective buyer. No one wants to waste time with someone who really isn’t a buyer. The deeper a seller goes into the due diligence process with a potential buyer, the more red flags may appear. If there are too many, if the ones that get raised seem too difficult to resolve, or even if they might be resolved, if that sixth sense says “no” anyway, it is probably time to move on.

Red Flags Along the Way

Once the Offering Memorandum has been given to the potential buyer, the next stage of red flags may occur. For example, if your intermediary informs you that he or she has not heard from the prospect after receiving the memorandum, it could mean that the buyer prospect is not as interested as you might have thought. Also, if the next step involves a junior member of the prospective buyer’s management rather than the CEO or COO, the red flag should go up. If the prospect, corporate or individual, refuses to provide, or delays providing, information showing their financial capability to do the deal, the red flag should be raised. One recommendation is to set up a social event, a dinner or extended lunch between you and the buyer prospect. Visiting at a social event allows the buyer and seller to get to know each other, establish a cultural understanding and build a working relationship. If this meeting goes badly, the red flag should go up, at least half-way.

Red Flags Just Prior to Closing

The Letter of Intent has been drafted and signed. One area that may cause several red flags to go up is if the buyer’s attorney is inexperienced in the deal process, is overly aggressive, or just won’t bend. This is such an important issue that if changes aren’t made, the deal is probably in serious jeopardy of collapsing.  The seller’s attorney may be able to gather some insight on this matter.

Both sides are taking some risks in any buy-sell process, but both sides should take their due diligence efforts seriously. If a deal has arrived at “a just prior to closing” status, it is certainly vital that both sides can resolve their red flag issues. It could be tragic if the deal has gone this far without serious red flags being raised.

The whole purpose of recognizing the red flags is to try to resolve them before the deal “craters”. A positive attitude by both sides is almost always the answer, and this attitude is best accomplished by the use of a professional intermediary who has been there, knows the red flags, and knows how to resolve them.

The reasons for selling a business can be divided into two main categories. The first is a sale that is planned almost from the beginning or by an owner who knows that selling is or should be a planned event.  The second is exactly the opposite – unplanned; the sale is motivated by a specific event such as health, divorce, business crises, etc. However, in between the two major reasons, are a host of unpredictable ones.

A seller may not even be thinking of selling when he or she is approached by an individual, group or another company, and an attractive offer is made. The owner of a business may die, and the heirs have no interest in operating it. A company may bring in new management who decides to sell off a division or two; or maybe even decides that selling the entire business is in the best interests of everyone.

A major competitor may enter the market, forcing an owner to elect to sell. And the competition may not just be another company. The owner of a business may realize that an external threat is such that the company will lose a competitive advantage. New technology by a competitor may outdate the way a company produces its products. Two competitors may merge, placing new pressures on a company. The growth of franchising and big box stores can promote themselves on a much larger scale than a single business, no matter how good it is. National advertising can create the perception that a large business’s pricing, inventory or service is better than the smaller competitor, even if it isn’t.

Although these issues may not push a business owner or company management to consider selling, they are certainly causes for consideration. Unfortunately, most sellers fail to create an exit strategy until they are forced to. Professional athletes want to go out on top of their game, and business owners should do the same.

The 65-year old owner of a multi-location retail operation doing $30 million in annual sales decided to retire. He interviewed a highly recommended intermediary and was impressed. However, he had a nephew who had just received his MBA and who told his uncle that he could handle the sale and save him some money. He would do it for half of what the intermediary said his fee would be – so the uncle decided to use his nephew. Now, his nephew was a nice young man, educated at one of the top business schools, but he had never been involved in a middle market deal. He had read a lot of case studies and was confident that he could “do the deal.”

Inexperience # 1 – The owner and the nephew agreed not to bring the CFO into the picture, nor execute a “stay” agreement. The nephew felt he could handle the financial details. Neither one of them realized that a potential purchaser would expect to meet with the CFO when it came to the finances of the business, and certainly would expect the CFO to be involved in the due diligence process.

Inexperience # 2 – It never occurred to the owner or his nephew that revealing just the name of the company to prospective buyers would send competitors and only mildly interested prospects to the various locations. There was no mention of Confidentiality Agreements.  Since the owner was not in a big hurry, there were no time limits set for offers or even term sheets. It would only be a matter of time before the word that the business was on the market would be out.

Inexperience # 3 – The owner wanted to spend some time with each prospective purchaser. Confidentiality didn’t seem to be an issue. There was no screening process, no interview by the nephew.

Inexperience # 4 – The nephew prepared what was supposed to be an Offering Memorandum. He threw some financials together that had not been audited, which included a missing $500,000 that the owner took and forgot to inform his nephew about. This obviously impacted the numbers. There were no projections, no ratios, etc. This lack of information would most likely result in lower offers or bids or just plain lack of buyer interest.  In addition, the mention of a pending lawsuit that could influence the sale was hidden in the Memorandum.

Inexperience # 5 – The owner and nephew both decided that their company attorney could handle the details of a sale if it ever got that far. Unfortunately, although competent, the attorney had never been involved in a business sale transaction, especially one in the $15 million range.

Results — The seller was placing almost his entire net worth in the hands of his nephew and an attorney who had no experience in putting transactions together. The owner decided to call most of the shots without any advice from an experienced dealmaker. Any one of the “inexperiences” could not only “blow” a sale, but also create the possibility of a leak. The discovery that the company was for sale could be catastrophic, whether discovered by the competition, an employee, a major customer or supplier .

The facts in the above story are true!

The moral of the story – Nephews are wonderful, but inexperience is fraught with danger. When considering the sale of a major asset, it is foolhardy not to employ experienced, knowledgeable professionals.  A professional intermediary is a necessity, as is an experienced transaction attorney.

Business Appraisers, before beginning an assignment, like to know the purpose of the appraisal. Usually the assignment demands “bullet proof” documentation: comparables, EBITDA multiples, projections, discount rates, etc.  Unfortunately, in situations where the purpose of the valuation is to establish a selling price, the business appraiser really doesn’t understand the business elements – or, since these business elements don’t figure into the numbers, they are largely ignored. However, they do have value; in some cases, significant value to a buyer.

Valuing these business elements requires that computers, adding machines and calculators be put aside. The business should be looked at from three key business elements: the Market, the Operations, and Post-Acquisition. These elements are certainly subjective, but also critically important to a prospective buyer.  A buyer’s opinion of the business elements can drive the actual offering price significantly higher—or lower. In fact, the business elements such as Fundamentals and Value Drivers can impact price as much as the Financials.

Here are some important questions to consider:

Market:   
Are there significant competitive threats?
Is there a large market potential?
Does the company have a reasonable market position?
Are there broad-based distribution channels?
Is there a wide customer base?
What’s the company’s competitive advantage?

Operations:
Are there significant alternative technologies?
Is sound management to remain?
Is there product/service diversity?
Are there multiple suppliers?

Many business owners feel that what prospective acquirers are looking for are quality and depth of management, market share, profitability, etc. Brian Tracy, in his book, The 100 Absolutely Unbreakable Laws of Business Success, states that the key ingredient is “a company-wide focus on marketing, sales and revenue generation. The most important energies of the most talented people in the company must be centered on the customer. The failures to focus single-mindedly on sales are the number one causes of business failures, which are triggered by a drop-off in sales.”

Tracy goes on to point out that company owners and/or presidents should observe industry trends, pay attention to what the competition is doing that works, and learn from them.  Find out what is successful and what isn’t in your industry – trends are vital. It is important to understand that established and mature companies are generally just trying to protect their market share, while start-up companies are really attempting to gain or establish market share.

Tracy estimates that 80 percent of new businesses close down within the first two years, and 100 either fall off or join the top 500 companies in the U.S. because they are acquired, merged or broken-up, and even a few actually fold – Enron being a good example.

Tracy also mentions that problem solving, decision making and team (not individual) collaboration are key factors.  However, as he points out, the best companies have the best people.

There once was a family-owned bakery that had sales in the millions. The bakery sold bread to restaurants, supermarkets and some retail outlets. The founder gave each of his 5 children 20 percent ownership of the business.  The kids really didn’t want to work in the business, so they turned the operation and management over to 2 members of the third generation.  For some years the business had been operating on a break-even basis, and sales were not increasing.

The founder’s children decided that they wanted to sell the business since they were close to retirement age. A professional business intermediary was retained to do this.  He contacted as many of the larger bakeries as possible, hoping to find a suitable acquirer, but there was very little interest. The intermediary continued his search, willing to do the hard work required to find a good buyer. He finally found a successful businessman who offered a price equal to 50 percent of sales – a generous offer.

The intermediary presented the offer to the five children – all equal partners.  Little did he know that he had walked into the proverbial hornet’s nest. A huge family argument ensued, and finally the intermediary was asked to leave the room so that the siblings could decide what to do.

The offer was turned down flat. There was no counter-proposal or even any negotiation on price, terms or conditions. The offer was dead. The intermediary had worked on trying to find the right buyer, figured he had – all to no avail, six months wasted.

It turns out that the major obstacle was thrown up by those two members of the third generation who had been operating the business. They feared that they might lose their jobs even though the prospective buyer assured the sellers that he would retain them.  Were they being unreasonable? The reality is that the operators were “family” – related in one way or another to the five owners, and blood is usually thicker than water.

Flash forward some 20 years.  The bakery is still in business with very little growth and still operating on a breakeven basis.  The five owners are now in their 70s, they have never received anything for their equity, and there is very little hope that they ever will.

The above is a true story.  It shows how a family can own a business and not be prepared or in agreement when it comes time to sell it. Although the bakery is still in business, it is barely hanging on. The story is sad as well as true. The proposed deal could have satisfied all of the owners’ goals and made their retirement years a lot more comfortable.

Family-owned businesses make up a lot of the non-public companies in the U.S., and according to industry reports, many of them will be up for sale in the near future.  In situations where the family owned business is owned by more than one person, it is crucial that a meeting be held with all of the family owners prior to electing to sell, unless a strong buy-sell agreement has already been agreed to.  This agreement should establish, among other things, specific guidelines about what happens if one family member wants out of the business.

At this meeting, the company attorney and accountant should be in attendance along with a business intermediary.  The reason to include the intermediary at this early stage is that he or she knows what the pitfalls are, what buyer concerns will be, and what should be done prior to going to market.

One of the major problems when there is more than one owner is communications. For example, one owner who is active in the business decides that he needs a new, expensive car and that the company should pay for it. This is the kind of issue a decision-forming meeting should bring to light and address. Strict guidelines should also be in writing concerning salaries, benefits, etc.  When one family member wants to cash out or another one spends a lot of money furnishing their office – it is too late to have an agreement drawn up to cover these possible roadblocks. The time is now!

This is just a partial list: Church’s Chicken, Uno Chicago Grill, Charlie Brown’s, Domino’s Pizza, Burger King, Cinnabon, Sizzler.  The first response would be that they are all in the food business, and that’s correct.  Now name the second thing that they all have in common?  Give up?  Well, they (and many others) have been purchased by private equity firms.  And, apparently, this is just the beginning.  The huge Dunkin Donuts chain is being sought after by two or three private equity firms.

Why the interest in restaurants from groups that most people associate with high tech?  Many firms got burned during the dot com and high tech meltdown.  Now these same private equity firms are looking at businesses that are stable, with more predictable earnings, and that are also very familiar businesses, time-tested and still have a lot of growth ahead.

One industry expert said in Nation’s Restaurant News, “What’s really driving this is the success of these deals, the numbers that the private equity companies are getting when they sell…”  For example, he noted, “Restaurant Associates bought Charlie Brown in 1975 for $3 million and sold it to Castle Harlan seven years later for $50 million.  Castle Harlan got almost three times that price – an appreciation of $90 million with the sale to Trimaran.”

If private equity and similar firms are now buying restaurants, what businesses are next?  If you are the owner of a small growing company or chain of businesses – is a private equity firm in your future?  A professional intermediary may be able to answer that question for you and if you are considering selling – they can also help.

When one sells their house, the best deal is usually the highest price.  When one decides to sell their business, there may be other factors to consider.  Many buyers are similar to the “overlooked” buyer described below, serious and qualified; and most sales of businesses are win-win transactions.  However, there are a few exceptions, and sellers should consider them carefully, balancing their prerequisites to the goals of the buyer.

Selling to a Competitor – Many company owners think this is the best way to go.  They read about the mega-mergers such as Bank of America and Fleet bank, or the pending deals such as Federated and the May Company Department Stores, and U.S. Air and American West.  Consolidation may play a major role in large public companies; this is not the case in middle market companies.

Many owners of middle market firms look at these mega-deals and think it might work for them.  However, upon further consideration, they realize that by disclosing a lot of confidential information to a competitor, their business could suffer irreparable damage if the deal would fall apart – and many do.

Selling to a Strategic Acquirer – This may bring the highest price, but there are several reasons why this may not be in the company’s best interest.  Many owners have worked with key employees for years and would not like to see them replaced. The strategic owner might not only replace members of management, but might also move the company to another part of the country.

Selling to a Financial Buyer – This buyer may not be willing to pay the seller’s price and is usually buying a company with intentions of selling it at a profit in three to five years.  This leaves the company and its employees in limbo waiting for a new owner to take over.

Other Buyers – The employees may decide to buy the company (ESOP).  However, this usually means a long-term payout for the owner. An individual buyer may come along such as a Warren Buffett, but what are the chances?  A key member or members of management might decide to purchase the company, but generally they won’t pay the price.  If a sale is not consummated, the key management member(s) will most likely leave.

The “Overlooked” Buyer – There are many individuals who want to own their own company.  They might be former executives of major companies who want to do something on their own. Some buyers have access to large amounts of investment capital. There are many qualified individual buyers in the market place. Russ Robb, the editor of a leading M& A newsletter, M&A Today, has written a book, Buying Your Own Business, for those individuals interested in buying their own company. This book has sold over 20,000 copies, which indicates the large number of people who are interested in buying a company.

There Is No Magic Answer – Selling a company comes with no guarantees.   When Badger Meter Company, a public company headquartered in Milwaukee, acquired Data Industrial Corporation based in Mattapoisett, Massachusetts, this appeared to be a marriage made in heaven.  Their respective product lines fit like a glove, their corporate cultures seemed compatible, and sales expansion by cross-selling was evident.

This strategic acquisition would have been fine except for one change.  The parent company moved Data Industrial’s operation to Kansas, and every employee’s job was terminated.  However, one should not construe that all acquisitions by strategic or competitive acquirers end up in a similar fate.  Furthermore, for price considerations, the seller can draft restrictions in the Purchase & Sale agreement to prevent the transfer of the business, at least for a specified time period.

Certainly selling to the overlooked type buyer doesn’t guarantee all of the seller’s concerns, but knowing the interests of some of the various buyer types can help insure that the goals of both buyer and seller are met.  Sellers should determine their goals prior to attempting to sell their business.  A consultation with a professional intermediary is a good start to this process.

Does your business have an orphan product or service that is doing okay, but doesn’t seem to fit into your core business?  Many companies, private equity groups and even some individual buyers are seeking product lines to augment existing ones, or even to build a business around.  Here are just a few of the reasons why a company might want to divest itself of a product line or even a particular service:

• It may not be a good fit for the parent company, thus diffusing efforts that could be placed into the core business.
• Because it is an orphan, it is a distraction.
• It man be a break-even side business that with a full-time effort could be profitable, but resources are better devoted to the core business or service.
• The money received could be used to expand the core business or fund some improvements that are not currently budgeted.

Certainly, there can be some disadvantages in allowing the adoption of an orphan – on both sides.  There is the all-important people issue.  Some valuable employees may be attached to the product line – and may go with the sale or decide to leave and move on.  This can negatively impact both sides of the transaction.  It can also have a negative impact on the selling company’s employees when the selling or purchasing company releases employees. There are cultural issues to consider.  The product may be a more important part of the selling company than management thought.  It may have played a role in selling other products or services.  The distribution channels may play a role in other product lines.  It is important for management to consider whether the orphan is really an orphan before selling it off.

On the plus-side for the acquiring company, the addition of the product line may be a perfect fit for their existing distribution chain.  The brand name acquired may provide name recognition to some existing products.  The new product line may be able to be manufactured with only a minimum increase in employees and plant capacity.

The purchasing company may have a difficult time establishing a price.  It may seem easy to look at the sales and the cost of sales, but the cost of sales may not include an allocation for rent, and for support services such as legal, accounting, corporate oversight, etc. Some part of the product may be manufactured on equipment used for other products, warehousing may be shared, and parts used in other products.  Many acquisitions are sold with a form of licensing agreement so the selling company receives a royalty or license fee representing a small portion of the sales of the acquired product line.

Company management is prone to think of only selling the entire business, a division or subsidiary of the company, when a sale of a product line may be an excellent solution.  The decision to sell a product line or service may solve a host of problems and perhaps even eliminate the need for sale of the entire business.  As Fortune magazine has written, “Companies once obsessed with cutting costs are now urgently trying to boost sales – with new products, new services and new markets.  The surest – and ultimately cheapest – way to increase your total sales is to persuade your existing customers to buy more products.”